Bombing of Taiwan 1944-45

US Naval F6F Hellcats began attacking Taiwan on Oct 12, 1944. The bombing continued into 1945. On May 31, 1945, Governor General Ando Rikichi's Office in Taipei was bombed and part of the building destroyed [the building was later repaired and became the Presidential Palace after 1949].

The pictures below are a record of the bombing of Takao [Kaohsiung] Harbor by a US plane on Nov 17, 1944:

The following show the "parafrag" (parachute-retarded fragmentation bombs) being dropped onto 豐原Toyohara Airbase by a Mitchell B-25, in one of the 1945 raids. The parachutes slowed the descent of the bombs allowing time for the low-flying bombers to escape before the detonation. The bombs exploded right above the ground, spraying fragments in every direction:

These bombings had caused an untold number of civilian casualties, totally forgotten to this day.

Addendum:

There is always the question of whether the civilians were targeted. Here are two photos, taken on Feb 20, 1945, when 潮州Choshu Township [Pin-tung] was bombed:

The intended target might have been the train station (top), the actual area bombed was clearly residential (bottom).

The same occurred to Tainan, in the chronology of the US Army Air Force, it was recorded thus:

"On March 1, 1945: SOUTHWEST PACIFIC AREA [SWPA, Far East Air Force (FEAF)]: In Formosa, B-24s bomb the Takao aluminum plant, Tainan Airfield and nearby satellite field and fighters hit buildings at Keishu and storage tanks, railroad yards, and targets of opportunity."

Tainan Airfield was the main intended target. It was the "targets of opportunity" that had caused immense damage to the downtown area. The fire burned for three days. And "事後統計,那天被炸燒毀的建物多達一五二○戶,死亡九十人,傷者一四六人." - up to 1,520 buildings were destroyed with 90 dead and 146 wounded. In this case, it was a large-scale fire-bombing which might have been directed at the headquarters of the 2nd United Infantry Division (the garrison army of Taiwan); instead, most bombs ended up in the commercial district.

US Airmen were allowed to use on-the-spot judgment in picking targets. In many instances, pilots of the low-flying F6Fs and B-24s made eye contact with civilians on the ground (even smiling at each other as one elderly Taiwanese recalls). In the heat of the battle, some pilots might have gotten carried away and attacked anything that looked suspicious. However, some civilians were killed while running for cover and even more died inside bomb shelters that were deliberately hit. These were malicious acts.

淡水沙崙海灘 Tamsui Sha-lun Beach

[Sha-Lun Beach area (A) where the French had landed.]

At 9:30AM on Oct 8, 1884, five companies of French fusiliers marins landed on Sha-Lun Beach and began their ill-fated 4-hour assault on Tamsui. The defeat cost the French 17 lives and 49 wounded. [For more, see here.]

During the Japanese Colonial era (1895-1945), Sha-Lun beach was developed into 淡水海水浴場, a popular summer spot for both the visitors and the locals. There was a rest house as well as a concession stand, the latter run by Miss Asano Ta'z (originally from Hiroshima, repatriated in March, 1946):

[Source: http://taipics.com/taipei_danshui.php]

The Phys Ed of Tansui Public School also included visits to the beach accompanied by the teachers (and sumo lessons):

[Photos from the early 1940s. Courtesy of Mr N Hirokawa.]

This area was declared off-limits to the civilians under the martial law (1949-1987). In the 1950s, it was used as a training ground and launching point for agents sent to Mainland China to carry out secret missions. In 1959, part of the beach was also opened to American military advisers and their families.

In 1974, the beach was finally re-opened to the general public as 淡水沙崙海灘. Unfortunately, owing to poor management and worsening water pollution, it was closed for good in 1999. Direct access to the beach was also shut off with barriers erected and the gates locked. People, however, still find ways of entering the area. They wade or even swim in the polluted water despite warning signs posted everywhere. Because of the unpredictable tidal waves, rip currents, hidden undersea pitfalls, and a sharp drop of seabed off the beach, sometimes the unlucky ones got trapped and tragically drowned. There have been a number of drowning incidences resulting in 17 deaths since 1999, including two Shihpei middle school students only last year. The most recent incident occurred on July 13 when 8 of a group of 12 middle school students went into the water, one died of injuries and 3 were swept out to sea and perished. Yet another, who survived the ordeal, also passed away later in the hospital.

Even earlier, on Sept 26, 1982, two soldiers in training lost their lives while trying to rescue a swimmer who, tragically, was also lost. All for nothing. The soldiers received posthumous commendations of valor from the Gov't:

The Guan-du Tunnel and Gorge

[An old friend: BK24, the steam locomotive that had served Tamsui Railroad faithfully between 1901 and 1954; now on display on Guan-Fu Campus of National Cheng-Kung University.]

Tamsui Railroad opened for business in 1901. It was a one-hour ride between Tamsui and Taipei enjoyed by generations of Tamsui-lang until 1988 when it was demolished to make way for the Taipei Metro. It had the same gauge [1,067mm] as the rest of the Taiwan Railroad system; although the steel rails were lighter in weight that could not support regular locomotives. A less powerful and smaller Model BK24 [the Columbia, manufactured by Japan Steam Engine Co in 1901] therefore must be used which was also the only locomotive that could fit comfortably into the Guan-du Tunnel [關渡隧道]. Therein, however, lied the problem: since the tunnel, sitting next to the Guan-du Station, was situated at the top of a slow slope, the train often must back up a short distance to literally gather steam before charging uphill into the tunnel. There was also a very steep curve immediately after the tunnel. The centrifugal force was fun for most boys, heart-stopping for others. People were known to mutter prayers during this part of the train ride. And our regular contributor ChoSan still remembers the ritual of passengers having to close the windows when the train was inside the tunnel. The dense soot-rich dusty smoke from the coal-fired steam engine was quite over-powering indeed.

Here are maps from before (made in 1921-28) and now (from Google maps today), both showing the sharp bend of the railway and, in the area below the bend, the Guan-du Gorge, where the Keelung River and the Tamsui River merge. The gorge was widened in 1964 to facilitate the water flow especially during the typhoon season:

After the sharp bend, now there is the Guan-du Bridge, built in 1980-83. The engineers had used a labor-saving technique, the 潮汐施工法, i.e., large pieces of the columns were dragged to the construction site at high tide, and lowered/fitted into place, almost automatically, when the water receded at low tide. A bit beyond the bridge, the riverbed apparently drops resulting in the white rapids. While the bridge connects Bali with the eastern shore of Tamsui River, the east end also loops into the bottleneck of the highway to Tamsui. Most travelers now take the well-run Taipei MRT Tamsui Line, just like in the olden railroad days, instead of driving.

Talim

Tropical storm Talim went by Tamsui 3 days ago. It brought clouds and rain, leaving, fortunately, no lasting damages. Christina took these photos, looking towards Guan-du (top), at Guan-yin Mountain (middle), and at the mouth of Tamsui River:

Another piece of good news: the newly reclaimed land from the River, near the MRT Station, has remained intact:

The concern for its survival stems from the past disappearance of the delta [known as the 浮線]. The delta was severely eroded by a tidal wave from upstream when the Guan-du gorge was blasted open in 1964. And to make matters worse, full-scale harvesting of sands from the River was officially sanctioned on July 1, 1982. It was not until April 30, 1989, that the practice was finally banned. By then, however, the delta was totally gone, and with it, part of Tamsui-ren's memory.

In search of General Sun Kai-Hua孫開華提督

General Sun Kai-Hua was the defender of Hobe/Tamsui during the Sino-French war. The Hunan Braves 湖南勇 under his command defeated the French fusiliers marins (Oct 8, 1884) winning the only victory in this war at the Battle of Fisherman's Wharf.

General Sun, however, had left no personal effects behind in Tamsui, not even a portrait. British Consul Alexander Frater did record in detail the dealings between the two in his reports to British Foreign Ministry. For example, Sun had asked for Dr Johanson's assistance, who was then the resident physician at Ft San Domingo, to treat the wounded soldiers. And Frater on the other hand had sought for Sun's assurance that the practice of cutting off of the French war dead's heads for rewards would cease. Both requests were granted.

General Sun was from Chi-li County in Hunan and owned a 50-acre estate in Yan-Po-Du Township. After the Battle of Fisherman's Wharf, he was reassigned to other duties in Hokkien until his death in 1893, never returned to his hometown again.

James Wu, a member of Tamsui Peace Park (TPP) supporting committee, has visited Sun's old house and filed this report:

訪張家界市慈利縣岩泊渡鎮星明崗村委書記

昨6/13/2012下午前往孫開華故居拜訪當地村委鄒書記和拍攝殘缺故居原貌照片數張。

據鄒書記口述，孫開華年少藉藉無名既外出從軍，之後至病歿一直沒有回到岩泊渡定居，照片中之宅邸是朝廷因其屢建功勛而為其建造，但他本人與其子均在福建和台灣兩地為官居住，也因此岩泊渡老少鄉親對其家族知之不詳，及至前幾年孫開華孫女曾回祖籍瞻仰過一次，再加上網路搜尋資料方便才有當地政府人員涉入研究。總歸，孫開華任官和居住過的淡水人都比其老家人更瞭解其人史跡。

又據鄒書記所述， 孫開華岩泊渡故居原佔地五十畝，含二十八宿四十八個天井宅邸四週挖掘水溝是謂[水繞四門]，但是經過1958年大躍進和1966年文革時的破壞如今已成照片中的殘垣。然最近幾年因有本籍多人開始蒐集研究逐漸炒熱其事跡，慈利縣委才於今年初向省府提出修建其故居一案，故居原貌由數位當地耆老尋記憶描述繪製，今日造訪得知省府已批准並撥款人民幣一億年內動工修建。

又因孫開華本人及其後人並未在慈利縣岩泊渡待過故無任何文物流傳下來。

聞其數年前曾回祖籍瞻仰過的孫女 [note: granddaughter 孙克俊] 現居美國，但並未留下通訊地址給當地政府。

[Above: The main residential house and below: its interior]

[Below: Brick-stone walls of unknown purpose - part of the remnants of the 水繞四門]

[Above and below: woodwork details of the main residence]
Essentially, after years of neglect and destruction, General Sun's hometown folks now know much less about him than the grateful folks of Tamsui. Also, two more Hunan Braves' graves have recently been discovered. To fully restore the history, we now will need to recruit the help of the descendents of General Sun and his Hunan Braves, or those who know of them. Please email hmcheng542@msn.com or leave a comment. Thank you very much.

淡水信用組合 (1918 - present)

Miss Christina Hong kindly sent these photos of the Tamsui Cooperative Trust:

[Above: taken on the 20th anniversary of its founding and bottom: present-day]

The Tamsui Cooperative Trust 淡水信用組合 (now 淡水信用合作社 at 67 Chung Cheng Road, a post-war name change) was founded in 1917 with 103 members, including 吳輔卿 (who had also served one term as the mayor of Tamsui), 林金鐘, 許丙 (the chief of staff of the famed Banqiao Lin Family), and officially opened for business on Oct 5, 1918. The first chairman was Mr 洪以南 who was also the mayor of Tamsui. Mr 洪以南 was succeeded by 吳輔卿, 施坤山, 汪水汴, 郭水源, 盧阿山, 李元貴, 朱木火, 吳獻璜, 高欽三, and 呂子昌. This Trust, established and operated by the locals, has been instrumental in the economic development of Tamsui, in the beginning when the international shipping declined as well as during the more recent dark period when the Taipei Metro was being built (1988).

[A token of appreciation from Tamsui Agricultural Association]

Interestingly, a bomb shelter in its basement from the 1944-45 era is still preserved.

Taiwanese POWs in New Guinea

Many Taiwanese farmers drafted to serve in the Pacific War as members of the Agricultural Production Brigade never came home. On Jan 12, 1945, 148 [out of 200] with four from Tamsui, Mr 張根池, Mr 郭福林, Mr 陳九連, and Mr 張流和 were killed in Cape St Jacques, near Saigon. They were on board of Shinsei Maru, a transport ship, sunk by 2 bombs and one torpedo delivered by F6Fs from the US Navy.

Many more such Taiwanese military workers [as well as combat soldiers] ended up in Papua New Guinea. Those who survived the war were incarcerated in POW camps. It was not until one year later when they finally returned home to Taiwan. Here are some photo records:

Photo taken on Nov 23, 1945 showing the POW camp site in Kokopo [formerly Rabaul], New Britain, where Taiwanese, Korean, and Japanese POWs were detained

Taiwanese POWs outside of a storage tent in the 20th POW camp located in Lae, Australian New Guinea, Nov 3, 1945

Taiwanese POW camp trustees in Lae

Growing vegetables - doing what they did best

The Taiwanese have often been portrayed as sadistic prison guards who abused and killed Allied POWs. These were actually in the extreme minority, not among the 80,433 combat soldiers. In all, of the 207,083 Taiwanese who served, 173 [most of them guards] were convicted, sometimes without legal representation, as class BC war criminals with 26 sentenced to death and executed. Needless to say, it was not a pleasant experience for the Taiwanese during and after the trial - in the hands of the Australian military who intended on exacting revenge.

Addendum:

Dr Wei Chiu-Jin, a Taiwanese draftee from Wu-feng, sends his memoir. He recalls waiting to be shipped out from Singapore in early 1945 and saw the arrival of the Awa Maru 阿波丸, the Red Cross relief ship that carried vital supplies to US and Allied POWs. He mentioned seeing shipment of coffee, cigarettes, etc, intended for the American POWs.

Awa Maru was sunk by USS Queenfish on April 1, 1945, despite the Relief for POWs agreement that accorded the ship safe passages. Except for 1 survivor, 2,004 on board were all lost. After this attack, no more supplies for the POWs. The negotiation for a replacement ship was never concluded and the Japanese demand for the compensation of the ship and the lives lost was never met.

The wreckage of Awa Maru was found by the PRC in 1977 and the salvage operation that ensued had recovered no gold, platinum, or diamonds - treasure rumored to be on board.